Appendix D
BURNING MEADOW POTENTIAL HERB LAYER SPECIES LIST
Meadow / roadside native herbaceous species of the Clemson area Compiled
from Haywood; Jones and Foote; Radford, Ahles and Bell; Niering and Olmstead;
and Batson.
Grasses
Botanical Name
|
Common Name
|
Moisture
|
Height
|
Bloom Time
|
Color
|
Showy
|
|
Agrostis hymenalis
|
Bentgrass
|
drier
|
< 24"
|
Apr-Nov
|
|
|
|
Agrostis perennans
|
Bentgrass
|
wetter
|
< 30"
|
Aug-Nov
|
|
|
|
Andropogon gerardii
|
Big Bluestem
|
drier
|
36-72"
|
Jul-Oct
|
|
|
|
Andropogon virginicus
|
Broomsedge
|
wet-dry
|
36-60"'
|
Sep-Oct
|
|
|
|
Aira elegens
|
Hair Grass
|
drier
|
4-18"
|
May June
|
|
|
|
Aristida oligantha
|
Three Awn
|
drier
|
8-24"
|
Aug-Oct
|
|
|
|
Aristida dichotoma
|
Three Awn Grass
|
drier
|
< 28"
|
Aug-Oct
|
yellow-purp
|
|
|
Arundinaria gigantea
|
Cane
|
wetter
|
20-400"
|
sporadic
|
|
|
|
Danthonia spicata
|
Northern Oat Grass
|
drier
|
4-30"
|
May-Jul
|
|
|
|
Elymus virginicus
|
Virginia Wild Rye
|
drier
|
36-48"
|
Jun-Oct
|
|
|
|
Eragrostis hirsuta
|
Love Grass
|
drier
|
.5-1"
|
Jul-Oct
|
reddish
|
|
|
Eragrostis refracta
|
Love Grass
|
wetter
|
12-40"
|
Jul-Oct
|
reddish
|
|
|
Eragrostis spectabilis
|
Purple Love Grass
|
drier
|
16-32"
|
Aug-Oct
|
purplish
|
|
|
Erianthus alopecuroides
|
Woolly Plume Grass
|
drier
|
120"
|
Oct-Nov
|
|
|
|
Erianthus contortus
|
Plume Grass
|
drier
|
40-80"
|
Sep-Oct
|
|
|
|
Gymnopogon ambiguus
|
Beard Grass
|
drier
|
12-24"
|
Aug-Oct
|
|
|
|
Panicum anceps
|
|
drier
|
12-48"
|
Jul-Oct
|
|
|
|
Panicum dichotomum
|
|
wetter
|
6-48"
|
Apr-Oct
|
|
|
|
Panicum sphaerocarpon
|
|
drier
|
6-24"
|
Jun-Oct
|
|
|
|
Paspalum boscianum
|
|
drier
|
12-36"
|
Jul-Oct
|
greyish
|
|
|
Paspalum floridanum
|
|
drier
|
24-60"
|
Aug-Oct
|
dark red
|
|
|
Paspalum laeve
|
|
drier
|
12-36"
|
Jun-Aug
|
yellowish
|
|
|
Paspalum setaceum
|
|
drier
|
4-32"
|
Jun-Sep
|
|
|
|
Setaria glauca
|
Foxtail Grass
|
drier
|
8-40"
|
Jul-Oct
|
|
|
|
Schizachyrium scoparium
|
Little Blue Stem
|
drier
|
30-60"
|
Aug-Oct
|
|
|
|
Sorghastrum nutans
|
Indian Grass
|
wet-dry
|
96"
|
Sep-Oct
|
yellowish
|
|
|
Sphenopholis obtusata
|
Wedge Grass
|
drier
|
8-30"
|
Apr-May
|
|
|
|
Tridens flavus
|
Purple Top
|
drier
|
32-60"
|
Jul-Oct
|
purplish
|
|
|
Vulpia octoflora
|
Six Weeks Grass
|
drier
|
6-24"
|
Apr-Jun
|
red
|
|
Forbs
|
Botanical Name
|
Common Name
|
Moisture
|
Height
|
Bloom Time
|
Color
|
Showy
|
|
Acalphya rhomboidea
|
Three-seeded Mercury
|
drier
|
1.5"
|
Jun-frost
|
|
|
|
Agalinis purpurea
|
Purple Gerardia
|
wetter
|
16-48"
|
Aug-frost
|
purple
|
+
|
|
Agalinis tenuifolia
|
Gerardia
|
drier
|
8-24"
|
Aug-Oct
|
lavender
|
|
|
Aletris farinosa
|
Colicroot
|
wet-dry
|
16-48"
|
Apr-Jun, Jul-Aug
|
white
|
+
|
|
Allium bivalve
|
False Garlic
|
drier
|
6-18"
|
Mar-May, Sep-Oct
|
white
|
|
|
Amianthium muscaetoxicum
|
Fly Poison
|
dry-wet
|
4-24"
|
May-Jul, Jul-Sep
|
white
|
+
|
|
Amorpha herbacea
|
False Indigo
|
drier
|
12-60"
|
May-Jul, Jul-Oct
|
blue-white
|
+
|
|
Asclepias amplexicaulis
|
Milkweed
|
drier
|
16-40"
|
May-Jul, Jun-Aug
|
rose-purple
|
|
|
Asclepias tuberosa
|
Butterfly Weed
|
drier
|
8-32"
|
May-Aug, Aug-Sep
|
red-yellow
|
+
|
|
Aster concolor
|
Aster
|
drier
|
12-24"
|
Sep-Oct
|
violet,yellow
|
|
|
Aster dumosus
|
Bushy Aster
|
wet-dry
|
24-54"
|
Aug-Oct
|
whit-blue-lav
|
+
|
|
Aster lateriflorus
|
Starred Aster
|
drier
|
24-54"
|
Sep-Nov
|
white,orange
|
|
|
Aster patens
|
Aster
|
drier
|
12-48"
|
Sep-Oct
|
violet
|
|
|
Aster pilosus
|
White-topped Aster
|
drier
|
.6-1.5"
|
Sep-Nov
|
white,orange
|
|
|
Aster puniceus
|
Aster
|
wetter
|
36-80"
|
Sep-Oct
|
violet
|
|
|
Baptisia alba
|
False Indigo
|
drier
|
48"
|
Apr-May
|
white
|
+
|
|
Cacalia atriphicifolia
|
Pale Indian Plantain
|
drier
|
60-120"
|
Jun-Oct
|
white
|
|
|
Cassia fasciculata
|
Partridge Pea
|
drier
|
24"
|
Jul-Aug
|
yellow
|
|
|
Cassia nicitans
|
Wild Sensitive Plant
|
drier
|
4-20"
|
Jun-Oct, Jul-Nov
|
yellow
|
|
|
Chaerophylhym tainturieri
|
Wild Chervil
|
drier
|
8-36"
|
Apr-May
|
white
|
|
|
Coreopsis major
|
Greater Tickseed
|
drier
|
24-42"
|
May-Jul
|
yellow-red
|
+
|
|
Croton glandulosus
|
|
drier
|
4-24"
|
May-Oct
|
|
|
|
Desmodium dillenii (perplexum)
|
Tick-trefoil
|
drier
|
20-60"
|
Jul-Sep, Aug-Oct
|
purplish
|
|
|
Desmodium laevigatum
|
Tick-trefoil
|
drier
|
24-48"
|
Jun-Sep, Aug-Oct
|
pink-purple
|
|
|
Desmodium marilandicum
|
|
drier
|
24-60"
|
Jun-Sep, Aug-Oct
|
purplish
|
|
|
Desmodium paniculatum
|
Tick-trefoil
|
drier
|
24-48"
|
Jun-Sep, Aug-Oct
|
purplish
|
|
|
Diodia teres
|
Buttonweed
|
drier
|
6-24"
|
Jun-frost
|
white
|
|
|
Eclipta alba
|
|
wettest
|
4-40"
|
Jun-frost
|
white
|
|
|
Erigeron philadelphicus
|
Common Fleabane
|
drier
|
8-40"
|
Apr-Jun
|
lavender
|
+
|
|
Erigeron strigosus
|
Daisy Fleabane
|
drier
|
18-54"
|
May-Oct
|
white-lav
|
+
|
|
Eryngium prostratum
|
|
wettest
|
4-28"
|
May-Oct
|
blue
|
|
|
Eupatorium album
|
|
drier
|
16-32"
|
Jun-Sep
|
white
|
|
|
Eupatorium capillifolium
|
Dog Fennel
|
drier
|
36-78"
|
Sep-frost
|
white-purple
|
|
|
Eupatorium coelestinum
|
Hardy Ageratum
|
wetter
|
12-36"
|
Jul-Oct
|
blue-violet
|
+
|
|
Eupatorium fistulosum
|
Joe-Pye Weed
|
wettest
|
18-108"
|
Jul-Oct
|
pink-purple
|
+
|
|
Eupatorium hysspifolium
|
|
drier
|
24-42"
|
Jul-Oct
|
white
|
|
|
Eupatorium perfoliatum
|
Boneset
|
wettest
|
24-54"
|
Aug-Oct
|
white
|
+
|
|
Eupatorium serotinum
|
|
drier
|
24-78"
|
Aug-Oct
|
white
|
|
|
Euphorbia corollata
|
Flowering Spurge
|
drier
|
4-20"
|
May-Sep
|
white
|
|
|
Geranium carolinianum
|
|
drier
|
4-32"
|
Mar-Jun
|
pink
|
|
|
Gnaphalium helleri
|
|
drier
|
24-36"
|
Sep-Oct
|
white
|
|
|
Gnaphalium obtusifolium
|
Rabbit Tobacco/Everlasting
|
drier
|
24-36"
|
Aug-Oct
|
white
|
|
|
Haplopappus divaricatus
|
|
drier
|
24-66"
|
Aug-Oct
|
yellow
|
|
|
Hedeoma pulegioides
|
Pennyroyal
|
drier
|
4-18"
|
Jul-Oct
|
white-lav
|
|
|
Helenium autumnale
|
Sneeze Weed
|
wettest
|
24-78"
|
Sep-Oct
|
yellow
|
+
|
|
Helenium flexulosum
|
Sneeze Weed
|
wettest
|
16-40"
|
May-Aug
|
red-yellow
|
+
|
|
Helianthus angustifolius
|
Narrow-leaved Sunflower
|
wet-dry
|
36-78"
|
Jul-frost
|
yellow
|
+
|
|
Helianthus atrorubens
|
Dark-eyed Sunflower
|
drier
|
24-60"
|
Jul-Oct
|
purplish-red
|
+
|
|
Helianthus hirsutus
|
|
drier
|
36-66"
|
Jul-Oct
|
yellow
|
|
|
Helianthus microcephalus
|
|
drier
|
30-96"
|
Aug-Oct
|
yellow
|
|
|
Helianthus strumosus
|
Woodland Sunflower
|
drier
|
36-114"
|
Jun-Oct
|
yellow
|
+
|
|
Helianthus tuberosus
|
Jerusalem Artichoke
|
drier
|
36-120"
|
Jul-Oct
|
yellow
|
+
|
|
Heterotheca mariana
|
|
drier
|
8-36"
|
Jun-Oct
|
|
|
|
Heterotheca subaxillaris
|
Camphorweed
|
drier
|
12-60"
|
Jul-Oct
|
yellow
|
|
|
Hieraceum gronovii
|
Hawkweed
|
drier
|
12-36"
|
Jul-frost
|
yellow
|
|
|
Houstonia caerulea
|
Bluets
|
drier
|
2-7"
|
Apr-May, May-Jun
|
blue
|
+
|
|
Hypericum gentianoides
|
Pine Weed
|
drier
|
4-20"
|
Jul-Oct
|
yellow
|
+
|
|
Hypericum mutilum
|
Dwarf St. John's-wort
|
wettest
|
6-28"
|
Jun-Oct
|
yellow
|
|
|
Hypoxis hirsuta
|
Yellow Star Grass
|
drier
|
2-8'
|
Mar-Jun, May-Jul
|
yellow
|
+
|
|
Krigia virginica
|
Dwarf Dandelion
|
drier
|
6-12"
|
Mar-Jun
|
yellow
|
|
|
Lechea racemulosa
|
Pine Weed
|
drier
|
4-16"
|
Jun-Jul, Jul-Oct
|
red-maroon
|
|
|
Lespedeza hirta
|
Hairy Bush Clover
|
drier
|
48"
|
Aug-Oct, Sep-Nov
|
white
|
+
|
|
Lespedeza intermedia
|
Bush Clover
|
drier
|
8-40"
|
Jul-Sep, Aug-Nov
|
purplish
|
|
|
Lespedeza repens
|
Creeping Bush Clover
|
drier
|
12-32"
|
Jul-Sep, Aug-Nov
|
purplish
|
+
|
|
Lespedeza virginica
|
Slender Bush Clover
|
drier
|
12-36"
|
Jul-Sep, Aug-Nov
|
rose-purple
|
+
|
|
Liatris gramnifolia
|
Grassleaf Blazing Star
|
drier
|
60"
|
Oct-frost
|
lavender
|
+
|
|
Liatris microcephela
|
|
drier
|
40"
|
Jul-Sep, Sep-Oct
|
lavender
|
|
|
Liatris spicata
|
Gay Feather
|
wetter
|
12-72"
|
Jul-Sep
|
rose-purple
|
+
|
|
Linaria canadensis
|
Toad-flax
|
drier
|
6-28"
|
Mar-May
|
blue-purple
|
+
|
|
Lobelia cardinalis
|
Cardinal Flower
|
wettest
|
24-102"
|
Jul-Oct
|
scarlet
|
+
|
|
Lobelia inflata
|
Indian Tobacco
|
drier
|
4-40"
|
Jul-frost
|
lavender
|
|
|
Lobelia puberula
|
|
wet-dry
|
24-72"
|
Jul-Oct
|
violet
|
|
|
Lysimachia quadrifolia
|
Whorled Loosestrife
|
drier
|
12-40"
|
May-Jul, Aug-Oct
|
red, black
|
+
|
|
Monarda fistulosa
|
Wild Bergamot
|
drier
|
28-36"
|
Jun-Sep, Aug-Oct
|
pink
|
+
|
|
Monarda punctata
|
Dotted monarda
|
drier
|
12-36"
|
Jul-Sep, Sep-Oct
|
lavender
|
+
|
|
Oenothera biennis
|
Evening Primrose
|
drier
|
60"
|
Jun-Oct
|
yellow
|
+
|
|
Parthenium integrifolium
|
Wild Quinine
|
drier
|
24-48"
|
May-Aug
|
white
|
|
|
Penstemon canescens
|
Grey Beardtongue
|
drier
|
12-28"
|
May-Jul
|
pink-purple
|
+
|
|
Phlox carolina L.
|
|
drier
|
<30"
|
May-Jun
|
pink-purple
|
|
|
Polygala curtissii
|
Polygala
|
wetter
|
3-16"
|
Jun-Oct
|
pink-white
|
|
|
Polymnia uvedalia
|
Bear's Foot
|
drier
|
36-78"
|
Jul-Oct
|
yellow
|
|
|
Ptilimnium capillaceum
|
|
wetter
|
4-32"
|
May-Jul, Jul-Aug
|
white
|
|
|
Pycnanthemum incanum
|
Hoary Mint
|
drier
|
36-78"
|
Jun-Aug, Sept-Oct
|
white
|
+
|
|
Pycnanthemum teniufolium
|
Slender-leaved Mint
|
wetter
|
16-40"
|
Jun-Aug, Sep-Oct
|
white-pinkish
|
+
|
|
Pyrrohappus carolinianus
|
|
drier
|
12-36"
|
Apr-Jun
|
yellow
|
|
|
Rhexia virginica
|
Virginia Meadow Beauty
|
wetter
|
36"
|
May-Oct
|
rose-purple
|
+
|
|
Rhyncospora globularis
|
Beak Rush
|
drier
|
4-28"
|
Jun-Sep
|
reddish
|
|
|
Rudbeckia heliopsidis
|
|
drier
|
28-48"
|
Jul-Sep
|
yellow
|
|
|
Rudbeckia hirta
|
Black-eyed Susan
|
drier
|
16-40"
|
May-Jul
|
yellow
|
+
|
|
Rudbeckia fulgida
|
Black-eyed Susan
|
drier
|
28-48"
|
Aug-Oct
|
yellow
|
+
|
|
Rudbeckia laciniata
|
Cut-leaf Cone Flower
|
wetter
|
36-96"
|
Jul-Oct
|
yellow
|
+
|
|
Rumex hastatulus
|
Sorrel
|
drier
|
6-11"
|
Mar-May, Apr-Jun
|
pink, yellow
|
|
|
Sabatia angularis
|
Rose Pink
|
wetter
|
4-32"
|
Jul-Aug, Sep-Oct
|
pink
|
+
|
|
Salvia lyrata
|
Lyre-leaved Sage
|
drier
|
12-24"
|
Apr-May, May-Jul
|
blue-violet
|
|
|
Scutellaria integrifolia
|
Skullcap
|
drier
|
6-32"
|
May-Jul, Jul-Aug
|
blue-violet
|
+
|
|
Silene antirrhina
|
Sleepy Catchfly
|
drier
|
12-36"
|
Apr-Jul
|
purplish
|
|
|
Silphium compositum
|
Compass Plant
|
drier
|
36-156"
|
May-Sep
|
yellow
|
+
|
|
Silphium dentatum
|
|
drier
|
24-102"
|
May-Aug
|
yellow
|
|
|
Sisyrinchium angustifolium
|
Blue-eyed Grass
|
wet-dry
|
6-20"
|
Mar-Jun, May-Jul
|
blue
|
+
|
|
Solidago altissima(canadensis)
|
Tall Goldenrod
|
drier
|
36-108"
|
Sep-Oct
|
yellow
|
+
|
|
Solidago erecta
|
|
drier
|
32-60"
|
Aug-Oct
|
yellow
|
|
|
Solidago gigantea
|
Late Goldenrod
|
drier
|
24-84"
|
Aug-Nov
|
white-yellow
|
|
|
Solidago nemoralis
|
Common Goldenrod
|
drier
|
16-40"
|
Sep-frost
|
yellow
|
+
|
|
Solidago rugosa
|
Rough-stemmed Goldenrod
|
wet-dry
|
12-72"
|
Sep-Oct
|
yellow
|
+
|
|
Solidago speciosa
|
Showy Goldenrod
|
drier
|
40-80"
|
Sep-Oct
|
yellow
|
+
|
|
Stenanthium gramineum
|
Feather Bells
|
drier
|
24-60"
|
Jun-Sept, Aug-Oct
|
white
|
+
|
|
Teucrium canadense
|
Wood Sage
|
wetter
|
24-60"
|
Jun-Aug, Sep-Oct
|
pink
|
+
|
|
Thalictrum revolutum
|
Meadow Rue
|
drier
|
24-60"
|
May-Jul
|
whitish
|
+
|
|
Trichostema dichotomum
|
Bastard Pennyroyal
|
drier
|
4-32"
|
Aug-frost
|
blue-violet
|
|
|
Verbena urticifolia
|
|
wetter
|
40-100"
|
May-Nov
|
|
|
|
Verbesina alternifolia
|
Crown Beard
|
wettest
|
78-156"
|
Aug-Sep
|
yellow
|
|
|
Verbesina occidentalis
|
|
drier
|
78-120"
|
Aug-Oct
|
yellow
|
|
|
Verbesina virginica
|
|
drier
|
78-120"
|
Jul-Oct
|
white
|
|
|
Vernonia novaboracensis
|
New York Ironweed
|
wetter
|
24-78"
|
Jul-Sep, Aug-Oct
|
violet
|
+
|
Additional species, native to the Carolinas, that are not shown by Radford
to be native to the Clemson area, might be included when considering the need
to maximize showy species in some areas. These species should include the
following grasses and forbs.
Grasses: Andropogon ternarius, Aristida purpurascens, Erianthus giganteus,
Panicum virgatum, Muhlenburgia capillaris, Setaria geniculata.
Forbs: Agalinis fasciculata, Aquilegia canadensis, Baptisia australlis, Coreopsis
lanceolata, Coreopsis tripteris, Dodecatheon meadia, Echinacea purpurea, Helianthus
mollis, Liatris aspera, Liatris pycnostachya, Lilium superbum, Lobelia spicata,
Lupinus perennis, Oenothera fruiticosa, Oenothera speciosa, Phlox glaberrina,
Phlox pilosa, Rhexia mariana, Rudbeckia triloba, Salvia azurea, Tradescantia
ohiensis, Verbena hastata, Verbena rigida, Verbena stricta, Vernonia angustifolia.
Rare species such as Echinacea pallida, Lotus helleri, and Helianthus schweinitzii,
that are found in fire dependent savanna communities should be included to
add additional interest to the meadow. These species should be drawn from
Appendix C.
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